A past IBM cyber security intelligence index report concluded that 95% of security breaches are caused by human error. Human error definitely includes password choices by users. It also includes password requirements and password storage by systems administrators. Passwords are a large part of network security. Hackers can use a technique called "password guessing" in which they manually enter passwords at a log-in prompt to gain access to an account when they have a valid user name. There are tools to automate this guessing process, known as an online attack, including Medusa, Ncrack, and Hydra.
These tools were built to help companies secure their networks as security specialists can test hosts and networking devices for poor passwords. These tools are used to audit devices as well. Online attacks can also be used to check that your firewalls, IDSs, and IPSs detect when a server gets bombarded with unsuccessful log-in attempts and that accounts lock in a short period when this happens. Password guessing through manual or automated means is obviously very noisy, so hackers need a better way to do it. Passwords should never be stored in plain text in databases. Storing passwords in plain text allows them to be used immediately after they're stolen. Passwords should be stored in a strong hash format since hashing is a one-way function.
In many of the data breaches of recent years, stolen password databases contain passwords that were either stored in plain text or hashed with weak algorithms like MD5 or SHA-1. The current standards of hashing include SHA-256 and SHA-512, both forms of SHA-2.
On Linux systems, password hashes are stored in the etc/shadow file. Most Linux distros use SHA-512 with something called "SALT".
On Windows systems, password hashes are stored in the SAM file located at C:windows\system32\config\SAM. Some Microsoft documentation expands SAM to Security Account Manager while other Microsoft documentation expands SAM to Security Accounts Manager. On Windows domain controllers running Active Directory, password hashes are stored in the NTDS.dit file located at C:windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit. The Windows NTLM, Lan Manager Protocol Suite, actually uses MD4 without SALT for storing Windows hashes.
Websites that we log into store passwords in a backend database likely using the MySQL relational database management system. If a hacker enters the stolen hash into the password field, the hash itself would be hashed, so the attacker won't do that. What happens when a database containing hashed passwords are stolen? The hackers have three attack options after they steal the hashed password database. The first is called a "brute force attack" which uses a tool that generates a file containing all possibilities of letters, numbers, and symbols given a minimum and maximum length. The second is a dictionary attack which uses common words and their variations instead of trying all possibilities like a brute force attack does. The third is a rainbow table attack which requires more processing but less storage than a dictionary attack.
The history of finger biometry was initiated in the late nineteenth century by scientist Francis Galton. Since then, it has grown tremendously thanks to a large team of geneticists and biologists. In 1880, Henry Faulds made the argument for the amount of fingerprint RC (Ridge Count) to assess the degree of fingerprint dependence on the genes.
ReplyDeleteThe scientists claim that fingerprints are formed under the influence of the genetic system of the fetus inherited and the impact of the environment through the vascular system and the nervous system located between the dermis and the expression the cover. Some of these effects are oxygen supply, nerve formation, the distribution of sweat glands, the development of epithelial cells. Interestingly, although there is a common genetic system Hereditary but fingerprints on the ten fingers of each individual individual. In 1868 the scholar Roberts pointed out that each finger had a different micro-growth environment; In addition, the thumb and index finger suffers from some additional environmental effects. So fingerprints on the top ten fingers of a different individual. The twin brothers (sisters) with fingerprint eggs are quite similar but still can distinguish fingerprints of each person. This is because although they have the same genetic system and share the same developmental environment in the womb, but because of their different position in the womb, their micro environment is different and therefore has different fingerprints. together.
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