Windows Server - Logical Component: Forest

What is a forest?

The forest is at the top of the AD DS hierarchy



An AD DS forest is the highest-level container object in the AD DS hierarchy. A forest is a collection of one or more AD DS trees. Each AD DS tree will contain one or more AD DS domains. The AD DS forest is the outermost boundary for the AD DS security and administration.





 
The forest root domain is unique

The first domain that is created in the forest is called the forest root domain. The forest root domain contains a few objects that do not exist in other domains in the forest. Because these objects are always created on the first domain controller created, a forest can consist of as little as one domain with a single domain controller, or it can consist of hundreds of domains across multiple trees.

What are flexible master operation (FSMO) roles?

FSMO roles are special roles within a forest and domain. There are five roles, two of which are at the forest level. let's look at the forest FSMO roles in the forest root domain.

The schema master role.
This is a special forest-wide domain controller role. There is only one schema master in any forest. The schema can be changed only by targeting the domain controller that holds the schema master.
The domain naming master role.
This is also special forest-wide domain controller role. There is only one domain naming master in any forest. New domain names can be added to the directory only by the domain naming master.

The forest is a replication and security boundary

The forest is a security boundary
A forest is often referred to as a security boundary because it provides the most complete and secure separation of Active Directory domains.
By default, all the domains in a forest trust the other domains in the forest automatically. This makes it easy to enable access to resources such as file shares and websites for all users in a forest, regardless of the domain in which the user account is located. However, no users from outside the forest can access any resources inside the forest.

A forest is a replication boundary
A forest is also referred to as a replication boundary for the configuration and schema partitions in the AD DS database. It is also the replication boundary for the global catalog. This means that all domain controllers in the forest must share the same schema.

Typically, an organization creates only one forest, although you can create multiple forests to isolate administrative permissions between different parts of the organization.


What is Privileged Access Management?

Privileged Access Management (PAM) for Active Directory Domain Services is a solution that is based on Microsoft Identity Manager (MIM) and Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Server 2016. It helps organizations restrict privileged access within an existing Active Directory environment.

How does PAM work?


PAM uses a new bastion Active Directory forest that has a trust with your existing forest. The bastion forest establishes a pristine environment that isolates the use of privileged accounts and reduces the corresponding risk of those credentials being stolen. PAM provides authentication requests as they are needed, and adds auditing, alerts, and reports of privileged access requests.

PAM does not require any changes to existing applications or users in the Active Directory environment. There is no need to upgrade any servers or raise the domain or forest functional levels in that environment to get started using PAM.

What are Domains and Forests? - This technical reference covers the logical and physical Active Directory structure, as well as domains and forests.

Privileged Access Management for Active Directory Domain Services - This article covers the problems that PAM solves, how PAM is set up, and how PAM works to secure privileged accounts.

Windows Server: Logical Component - Domain and Tree

 

What is a domain?

A domain is a logical grouping.

An AD DS domain is a logical grouping of user, computer, and group objects for the purposes of management and security. All of these objects are stored in an AD DS database, and a copy of this database is stored on every domain controller in the AD DS domain. A domain is created when you promote a server to a domain controller.

There is always at least one domain, but you could have more

Most organizations could deploy only a single domain and ensure that all domain controllers contain all the domain information. However, organizations that have decentralized administrative structures, or that are distributed across multiple locations, might consider implementing multiple domains in the same forest to accommodate the administrative needs of their environment.
NOTE: A single domain can contain approximately 2 billion objects, so most organizations do not need to deploy multiple domains due to object limitations. Organizations that have decentralized administrative structures, or that are distributed across multiple locations, might instead implement multiple domains in the same forest.

 

 A domain is a replication, administrative, and authentication boundary

A domain is a replication boundary

When changes are made to any object in the domain, the domain controller where the change was made replicates that information to other domain controllers in the domain. This is referred to as a multi-master replication model and allows every domain controller in the domain to make changes to objects in the domain.

The domain is an administrative boundary

The domain contains an Administrator account and a Domain Admins group. By default, the Administrator account is a member of the Domain Admins group, and the Domain Admins group is a member of every local Administrators group of domain-joined computers. Also, by default, the Domain Admins group members have full control over every object in the domain. 

The domain is an authentication boundary

An AD DS domain is an administrative center. It contains an Administrator account and a Domain Admins group, which both have full control over every object in the domain. Unless they are in the forest root domain, however, their range of control is limited to the domain. Password and account rules are managed at the domain level by default. The AD DS domain also provides an authentication center. All user accounts and computer accounts in the domain are stored in the domain database, and users and computers must connect to a domain controller to authenticate.

NOTE: Domains do not provide security boundaries, because all domains in the forest trust each other.

What is a domain tree?

A domain tree is contiguous

A domain tree is a collection of one or more domains that share a contiguous name space and have a parent/child relationship. A tree can be a single tree or it can be multiple trees. The idea is that a tree is the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the domain and all its children. A tree serves no administrative purpose. In other words, there is no tree administrator as there is for a forest or domain.

What are the flexible single master operation (FSMO) roles for the domain?

Only one domain controller in the domain performs each role. By default, the first domain controller in a domain fulfills all of these roles. Optionally, you can change the role holder to another domain controller within the same domain.

Relative ID (RID) Master role

The RID master plays an integral part in the generation of SIDs for security principals such as users, groups, and computers. The SID of a security principal must be unique. Because any domain controller can create accounts, SIDs, a mechanism is necessary to ensure that the SIDs generated by a domain controller are unique. Active Directory domain controllers generate SIDs by appending a unique RID to the domain SID. The RID master for the domain allocates pools of unique RIDs to each domain controller in the domain. Therefore, each domain controller can be confident that the SIDs that it generates are unique.

Infrastructure Master role

In a multiple domain environment, it is common for an object to reference objects in other domains. For example, a group can include members from another domain. Its multivalued member attribute contains the distinguished names of each member. If the member in the other domain is moved or renamed, the infrastructure master of the group’s domain updates the references

PDC Emulator role

The PDC Emulator role performs the following crucial functions for a domain:

·         Participates in special password update handling for the domain. When a user's password is reset or changed, the domain controller that makes the change replicates the change immediately to the PDC Emulator. This special replication ensures that the domain controllers know about the new password as quickly as possible.

·         Manages Group Policy updates within a domain. If you modify a GPO on two domain controllers at approximately the same time, there could be conflicts between the two versions that could not be reconciled as the GPO replicates. To avoid this situation, the PDC Emulator acts as the default focal point for all Group Policy changes.

·         Provides a master time source for the domain. Many Windows components and technologies rely on time stamps, so synchronizing time across all systems in a domain is crucial. By default, the PDC Emulator in the forest root domain is the time master for the entire forest. The PDC Emulator in each domain synchronizes its time with the forest root PDC Emulator. Other domain controllers in the domain synchronize their clocks against that domain’s PDC Emulator. All other domain members synchronize their time with their preferred domain controller.

·         Acts as the domain master browser. When you open the network node in File Explorer, you see a list of workgroups and domains, and when you open a workgroup or domain, you see a list of computers. The browser service creates these two lists, called browse lists. In each network segment, a master browser creates the browse list: the lists of workgroups, domains, and servers in that segment. The domain master browser serves to merge the lists of each master browser so that browse clients can retrieve a comprehensive browse list.

Domains - Overview of Active Directory domains.

Windows Server - Logical Component: Forest

What is a forest?

The forest is at the top of the AD DS hierarchy



An AD DS forest is the highest-level container object in the AD DS hierarchy. A forest is a collection of one or more AD DS trees. Each AD DS tree will contain one or more AD DS domains. The AD DS forest is the outermost boundary for the AD DS security and administration.
 
The forest root domain is unique

The first domain that is created in the forest is called the forest root domain. The forest root domain contains a few objects that do not exist in other domains in the forest. Because these objects are always created on the first domain controller created, a forest can consist of as little as one domain with a single domain controller, or it can consist of hundreds of domains across multiple trees.

What are flexible master operation (FSMO) roles?

FSMO roles are special roles within a forest and domain. There are five roles, two of which are at the forest level. let's look at the forest FSMO roles in the forest root domain.

The schema master role.
This is a special forest-wide domain controller role. There is only one schema master in any forest. The schema can be changed only by targeting the domain controller that holds the schema master.
The domain naming master role.
This is also special forest-wide domain controller role. There is only one domain naming master in any forest. New domain names can be added to the directory only by the domain naming master.

The forest is a replication and security boundary

The forest is a security boundary
A forest is often referred to as a security boundary because it provides the most complete and secure separation of Active Directory domains.
By default, all the domains in a forest trust the other domains in the forest automatically. This makes it easy to enable access to resources such as file shares and websites for all users in a forest, regardless of the domain in which the user account is located. However, no users from outside the forest can access any resources inside the forest.

A forest is a replication boundary
A forest is also referred to as a replication boundary for the configuration and schema partitions in the AD DS database. It is also the replication boundary for the global catalog. This means that all domain controllers in the forest must share the same schema.

Typically, an organization creates only one forest, although you can create multiple forests to isolate administrative permissions between different parts of the organization.


What is Privileged Access Management?

Privileged Access Management (PAM) for Active Directory Domain Services is a solution that is based on Microsoft Identity Manager (MIM) and Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Server 2016. It helps organizations restrict privileged access within an existing Active Directory environment.

How does PAM work?


PAM uses a new bastion Active Directory forest that has a trust with your existing forest. The bastion forest establishes a pristine environment that isolates the use of privileged accounts and reduces the corresponding risk of those credentials being stolen. PAM provides authentication requests as they are needed, and adds auditing, alerts, and reports of privileged access requests.

PAM does not require any changes to existing applications or users in the Active Directory environment. There is no need to upgrade any servers or raise the domain or forest functional levels in that environment to get started using PAM.

What are Domains and Forests? - This technical reference covers the logical and physical Active Directory structure, as well as domains and forests.

Privileged Access Management for Active Directory Domain Services - This article covers the problems that PAM solves, how PAM is set up, and how PAM works to secure privileged accounts.

Windows Server: Logical Component - Domain and Tree

What is a domain?

A domain is a logical grouping.

An AD DS domain is a logical grouping of user, computer, and group objects for the purposes of management and security. All of these objects are stored in an AD DS database, and a copy of this database is stored on every domain controller in the AD DS domain. A domain is created when you promote a server to a domain controller.

There is always at least one domain, but you could have more

Most organizations could deploy only a single domain and ensure that all domain controllers contain all the domain information. However, organizations that have decentralized administrative structures, or that are distributed across multiple locations, might consider implementing multiple domains in the same forest to accommodate the administrative needs of their environment.
NOTE: A single domain can contain approximately 2 billion objects, so most organizations do not need to deploy multiple domains due to object limitations. Organizations that have decentralized administrative structures, or that are distributed across multiple locations, might instead implement multiple domains in the same forest.

 A domain is a replication, administrative, and authentication boundary

A domain is a replication boundary

When changes are made to any object in the domain, the domain controller where the change was made replicates that information to other domain controllers in the domain. This is referred to as a multi-master replication model and allows every domain controller in the domain to make changes to objects in the domain.

The domain is an administrative boundary

The domain contains an Administrator account and a Domain Admins group. By default, the Administrator account is a member of the Domain Admins group, and the Domain Admins group is a member of every local Administrators group of domain-joined computers. Also, by default, the Domain Admins group members have full control over every object in the domain. 

The domain is an authentication boundary

An AD DS domain is an administrative center. It contains an Administrator account and a Domain Admins group, which both have full control over every object in the domain. Unless they are in the forest root domain, however, their range of control is limited to the domain. Password and account rules are managed at the domain level by default. The AD DS domain also provides an authentication center. All user accounts and computer accounts in the domain are stored in the domain database, and users and computers must connect to a domain controller to authenticate.

NOTE: Domains do not provide security boundaries, because all domains in the forest trust each other.

What is a domain tree?

A domain tree is contiguous

A domain tree is a collection of one or more domains that share a contiguous name space and have a parent/child relationship. A tree can be a single tree or it can be multiple trees. The idea is that a tree is the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the domain and all its children. A tree serves no administrative purpose. In other words, there is no tree administrator as there is for a forest or domain.

What are the flexible single master operation (FSMO) roles for the domain?

Only one domain controller in the domain performs each role. By default, the first domain controller in a domain fulfills all of these roles. Optionally, you can change the role holder to another domain controller within the same domain.

Relative ID (RID) Master role

The RID master plays an integral part in the generation of SIDs for security principals such as users, groups, and computers. The SID of a security principal must be unique. Because any domain controller can create accounts, SIDs, a mechanism is necessary to ensure that the SIDs generated by a domain controller are unique. Active Directory domain controllers generate SIDs by appending a unique RID to the domain SID. The RID master for the domain allocates pools of unique RIDs to each domain controller in the domain. Therefore, each domain controller can be confident that the SIDs that it generates are unique.

Infrastructure Master role

In a multiple domain environment, it is common for an object to reference objects in other domains. For example, a group can include members from another domain. Its multivalued member attribute contains the distinguished names of each member. If the member in the other domain is moved or renamed, the infrastructure master of the group’s domain updates the references

PDC Emulator role

The PDC Emulator role performs the following crucial functions for a domain:

·         Participates in special password update handling for the domain. When a user's password is reset or changed, the domain controller that makes the change replicates the change immediately to the PDC Emulator. This special replication ensures that the domain controllers know about the new password as quickly as possible.

·         Manages Group Policy updates within a domain. If you modify a GPO on two domain controllers at approximately the same time, there could be conflicts between the two versions that could not be reconciled as the GPO replicates. To avoid this situation, the PDC Emulator acts as the default focal point for all Group Policy changes.

·         Provides a master time source for the domain. Many Windows components and technologies rely on time stamps, so synchronizing time across all systems in a domain is crucial. By default, the PDC Emulator in the forest root domain is the time master for the entire forest. The PDC Emulator in each domain synchronizes its time with the forest root PDC Emulator. Other domain controllers in the domain synchronize their clocks against that domain’s PDC Emulator. All other domain members synchronize their time with their preferred domain controller.

·         Acts as the domain master browser. When you open the network node in File Explorer, you see a list of workgroups and domains, and when you open a workgroup or domain, you see a list of computers. The browser service creates these two lists, called browse lists. In each network segment, a master browser creates the browse list: the lists of workgroups, domains, and servers in that segment. The domain master browser serves to merge the lists of each master browser so that browse clients can retrieve a comprehensive browse list.

Domains - Overview of Active Directory domains.