Saturday, May 27, 2017

Cryptography: Rings

Rings 

A ring R, sometimes denoted by {R, +, x}, is a set of elements with two binary operations, called addition and multiplication, such that for all a, b, c in R the following axioms are obeyed.

 
With respect to addition and multiplication, the set of all n-square matrices over the real numbers is a ring.

A ring is said to be commutative if it satisfies the following additional condition:

  (M4) Commutativity of multiplication:

    ab = ba for all a, b in R.

Let S be the set of even integers (positive, negative, and 0) under the usual operations of addition and multiplication. S is a commutative ring.

The set Zn of integers {0, 1, , n - 1}, together with the arithmetic operations modulo n, is a commutative ring


 

Rings - Examples 

The set of all even integers, positive, negative, and zero, under the operations arithmetic addition and multiplication.

The set of all integers under the operations of arithmetic addition and multiplication.

The set of all real numbers under the operations of arithmetic addition and multiplication.

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